From Changing Minds.org
We are complex beings living complex lives in which we are not always able to cope with the difficulties that we face. As a result, we are subject to feelings of tension and stress, for example the cognitive dissonance and potential shame of doing something outside our values. To handle this discomfort we use various coping methods.
Coping Mechanisms by Type
- Adaptive mechanisms: That offer positive help.
- Attack mechanisms: That push discomfort onto others.
- Avoidance mechanisms: That avoid the issue.
- Behavioral mechanisms: That change what we do.
- Cognitive mechanisms: That change what we think.
- Conversion mechanisms: That change one thing into another.
- Defense mechanisms: Freud’s original set.
- Self-harm mechanisms: That hurt our selves.
List of Coping Mechanisms
- Acting out: not coping – giving in to the pressure to misbehave.
- Aim inhibition: lowering sights to what seems more achievable.
- Altruism: Helping others to help self.
- Attack: trying to beat down that which is threatening you.
- Avoidance: mentally or physically avoiding something that causes distress.
- Compartmentalization: separating conflicting thoughts into separated compartments.
- Compensation: making up for a weakness in one area by gaining strength in another.
- Conversion: subconscious conversion of stress into physical symptoms.
- Denial: refusing to acknowledge that an event has occurred.
- Displacement: shifting of intended action to a safer target.
- Dissociation: separating oneself from parts of your life.
- Emotionality: Outbursts and extreme emotion.
- Fantasy: escaping reality into a world of possibility.
- Help-rejecting complaining: Ask for help then reject it.
- Idealization: playing up the good points and ignoring limitations of things desired.
- Identification: copying others to take on their characteristics.
- Intellectualization: avoiding emotion by focusing on facts and logic.
- Introjection: Bringing things from the outer world into the inner world.
- Passive aggression: avoiding refusal by passive avoidance.
- Performing rituals: Patterns that delay.
- Post-traumatic growth: Using the energy of trauma for good.
- Projection: seeing your own unwanted feelings in other people.
- Provocation: Get others to act so you can retaliate.
- Rationalization: creating logical reasons for bad behavior.
- Reaction Formation: avoiding something by taking a polar opposite position.
- Regression: returning to a child state to avoid problems.
- Repression: subconsciously hiding uncomfortable thoughts.
- Self-harming: physically damaging the body.
- Somatization: psychological problems turned into physical symptoms.
- Sublimation: channeling psychological energy into acceptable activities.
- Substitution: Replacing one thing with another.
- Suppression: consciously holding back unwanted urges.
- Symbolization: turning unwanted thoughts into metaphoric symbols.
- Trivializing: Making small what is really something big.
- Undoing: actions that psychologically ‘undo’ wrongdoings for the wrongdoer.
